13 research outputs found

    Convergence en loi d'EDSR et application à l'homogénéisation d'EDP semi-linéaires paraboliques

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    Nous présentons des résultats d'homogénéisation pour des EDP ou systÚmes d'EDP paraboliques semi-linéaires à coefficients aléatoires ou périodiques dont la non-linéa­rité présente éventuellement une croissance quadratique du gradient. On les obtient en étudiant la convergence en loi de l'EDSR sous-jacente, sous l'hypothÚse de convergence en loi de la partie linéaire de l'équation

    Causal Reinforcement Learning using Observational and Interventional Data

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    Learning efficiently a causal model of the environment is a key challenge of model-based RL agents operating in POMDPs. We consider here a scenario where the learning agent has the ability to collect online experiences through direct interactions with the environment (interventional data), but has also access to a large collection of offline experiences, obtained by observing another agent interacting with the environment (observational data). A key ingredient, that makes this situation non-trivial, is that we allow the observed agent to interact with the environment based on hidden information, which is not observed by the learning agent. We then ask the following questions: can the online and offline experiences be safely combined for learning a causal model ? And can we expect the offline experiences to improve the agent's performances ? To answer these questions, we import ideas from the well-established causal framework of do-calculus, and we express model-based reinforcement learning as a causal inference problem. Then, we propose a general yet simple methodology for leveraging offline data during learning. In a nutshell, the method relies on learning a latent-based causal transition model that explains both the interventional and observational regimes, and then using the recovered latent variable to infer the standard POMDP transition model via deconfounding. We prove our method is correct and efficient in the sense that it attains better generalization guarantees due to the offline data (in the asymptotic case), and we illustrate its effectiveness empirically on synthetic toy problems. Our contribution aims at bridging the gap between the fields of reinforcement learning and causality

    Microplastic leachates disrupt the chemotactic and chemokinetic behaviours of an ecosystem engineer (Mytilus edulis)

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    International audienceThe massive contamination of the environment by plastics is an increasing global scientific and societal concern. Knowing whether and how these pollutants affect the behaviour of keystone species is essential to identify environmental risks effectively. Here, we focus on the effect of plastic leachates on the behavioural response of the common blue mussel Mytilus edulis, an ecosystem engineer responsible for the creation of biogenic structures that modify the environment and provide numerous ecosystem functions and services. Specifically, we assess the effect of virgin polypropylene beads on mussels' chemotactic (i.e. a directional movement in response to a chemical stimulus) and chemokinetic (i.e. a non-directional change in movement properties such as speed, distance travelled or turning frequency in response to a chemical stimulus) responses to different chemical cues (i.e. conspecifics, injured conspecifics and a predator, the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus). In the presence of predator cues, individual mussels reduced both their gross distance and speed, changes interpreted here as an avoidance 2 behaviour. When exposed to polypropylene leachates, mussels moved less compared to control conditions, regardless of the cues tested. Additionally, in presence of crab cues with plastic leachates, mussels significantly changed the direction of movement suggesting a leachateinduced loss of their negative chemotaxis response. Taken together, our results indicate that the behavioural response of M. edulis is cue-specific and that its anti-predator behaviour as well as its mobility are impaired when exposed to microplastic leachates, potentially affecting the functioning of the ecosystem that the species supports

    Convergence en loi d'EDSR et application a l'homogeneisation d'EDP semi - lineaires paraboliques

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    Theme 4 - Simulation et optimisation de systemes complexes. Projet SysdysAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : 14802 E, issue : a.1998 n.3565 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc

    Convergence en loi d'EDSR et application a l'homogeneisation d'EDP semi - lineaires paraboliques

    No full text
    Theme 4 - Simulation et optimisation de systemes complexes. Projet SysdysAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : 14802 E, issue : a.1998 n.3565 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueSIGLEFRFranc

    Les sciences humaines et sociales face à la premiÚre vague de la pandémie de Covid-19 -Enjeux et formes de la recherche

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    Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a question and an object of knowledge (A - From the framing of the crisis in the public space to the crisis as an object of knowledge - the example of France). The second addresses a salient point of the analyses developed over the last few months, which consider the pandemic as a revealer, or even an amplifier of pre-existing issues (B). Then, the third part looks at the societies and governments confronted with the pandemic (C), in other words, the forms of crisis management by the political power, the mobilization of science and the exercise of power, as well as the measures taken and the attitudes of the populations with regard to these measures. The fourth part presents the way in which the time of the pandemic has been characterized by questions about the future, questions which in turn give rise to orientations for HSS research (D. Reinventing ourselves in times of pandemic). Finally, the fifth and last part invites the reader to discover how the HHS involved itself in times of pandemic, how they collaborated together and undertook to document the health crisis in the heat of the moment, while accepting to consider new questions, and adopt new methods under the effect of this crisis (E. When the crisis invites collaboration and reflection on the "transfer" of knowledge).La recherche en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), Ă  qui l’on pose rĂ©guliĂšrement la question de son « utilitĂ© », a Ă©tĂ© massivement mobilisĂ©e dans la premiĂšre partie de l’annĂ©e 2020, tant par les mĂ©dias et les institutions. Elle s’est montrĂ©e d’une grande rĂ©activitĂ©, en adaptant ses calendriers et ses objectifs, en modifiant ses formats d’interventions (wĂ©binaires, cours en distanciel). Chercheuses et chercheurs, enseignant(e)s-chercheurs ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©sents, et ce malgrĂ© des inĂ©galitĂ©s gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par le confinement dans le travail de recherche, notamment en termes de genre. Le prĂ©sent travail a pour ambition de proposer Ă  son lecteur une analyse mobilisant les travaux des SHS dans leur ensemble. Sans prĂ©tendre Ă  l’exhaustivitĂ©, il tisse les fils, Ă  travers les questions qu’il aborde, d’une discipline Ă  une autre, composant un ensemble dans lequel les SHS entrent en rĂ©sonance les unes avec les autres, dĂ©ploient leur complĂ©mentaritĂ©, et crĂ©ent une analyse commune, qu’elles relĂšvent plutĂŽt des sciences sociales ou des humanitĂ©s. Il a pour objectif de rendre manifeste un capital scientifique des SHS en tant que telles, pour aborder les diffĂ©rents questionnements que suscite la pandĂ©mie de Covid-19. La recherche actuelle en SHS sur la pandĂ©mie, sa gestion politique, et ses enjeux, ne s’élabore pas ex nihilo. Tout en prenant la mesure de la spĂ©cificitĂ© des temps prĂ©sents, elle s’appuie sur un ensemble de cadres thĂ©oriques, de mĂ©thodes, d’analyses Ă©laborĂ©s dans d’autres contextes, remobilisĂ©s, rĂ©actualisĂ©s, enrichis Ă  la lumiĂšre des problĂ©matiques associĂ©es Ă  la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19. Par ailleurs, le parti-pris de ce travail a Ă©tĂ© de tenir compte d’emblĂ©e de la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie, et de ne pas s’en tenir Ă  la situation française. Ainsi, plusieurs contextes nationaux, voire continentaux sont explorĂ©s sur tel ou tel point et la dimension mondiale de la pandĂ©mie y est prise en compte en tant que telle. Enfin, ce document s’intĂ©resse aussi Ă  la maniĂšre mĂȘme dont les sciences humaines et sociales se sont mobilisĂ©es, en France, dans le contexte de la pandĂ©mie de Covid 19, aux formes collaboratives, aux pratiques pluridisciplinaires particuliĂšrement adoptĂ©es face Ă  cette pandĂ©mie. Il se structure en cinq parties : la premiĂšre porte sur la maniĂšre dont les SHS font de la crise une question et un objet de connaissance (A – Du cadrage de la crise dans l’espace public Ă  la crise comme objet de connaissance - l’exemple de la France). La seconde aborde un point saillant des analyses Ă©laborĂ©es au cours des derniers mois, qui envisagent la pandĂ©mie comme un rĂ©vĂ©lateur, voire un amplificateur d’enjeux prĂ©-existants (B). Puis, la troisiĂšme partie s’intĂ©resse aux sociĂ©tĂ©s et aux gouvernements confrontĂ©s Ă  la pandĂ©mie (C), autrement dit aux formes de la gestion de la crise par le pouvoir politique, Ă  la mobilisation des sciences et Ă  l’exercice du pouvoir, ainsi qu’aux mesures prises et aux attitudes des populations au regard de ces mesures. La quatriĂšme partie prĂ©sente la façon dont le temps de la pandĂ©mie a Ă©tĂ© traversĂ© de questionnements pour le futur, questionnements qui Ă  leur tour impriment des orientations pour la recherche en SHS (D. Se rĂ©inventer en temps de pandĂ©mie). Enfin, la cinquiĂšme et derniĂšre partie invite le lecteur Ă  dĂ©couvrir comment les SHS se sont mobilisĂ©es en temps de pandĂ©mie, comment elles ont collaborĂ© et entrepris de documenter Ă  chaud la crise sanitaire tout en acceptant de voir se renouveler questions, objets, mĂ©thodes sous l’effet de cette crise (E. Quand la crise invite aux collaborations et Ă  une rĂ©flexion sur le « transfert » des connaissances)
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